{"id":71,"date":"2020-06-15T15:32:45","date_gmt":"2020-06-15T15:32:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cdcangiang.vn\/index.php\/2020\/06\/15\/official-who-molested-woman-didnt-have-to-be-politically-correct\/"},"modified":"2020-08-19T13:10:48","modified_gmt":"2020-08-19T06:10:48","slug":"quan-ly-suc-khoe-moi-truong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cdcangiang.vn\/index.php\/2020\/06\/15\/quan-ly-suc-khoe-moi-truong\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng"},"content":{"rendered":"

KH\u00c1I NI\u1ec6M V\u00c0 \u0110\u1ecaNH NGH\u0128A V\u1ec0 M\u00d4I TR\u01af\u1edcNG V\u00c0 S\u1ee8C KHO\u1eba M\u00d4I TR\u01af\u1edcNG<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Theo Lu\u1eadt B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7t Nam (1993), m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cM\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, bao quanh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, sinh h\u1ecdc, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Australia – 1999).<\/p>\n

Hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c: s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong l\u00e0nh, b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd h\u1ecdc n\u1ebfu v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd h\u1ecdc bao g\u1ed3m th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu (nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, th\u1ea5p, thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, gi\u00f3) c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 ion ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ion ho\u00e1, s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 laser, ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n v\u00e0 rung x\u00f3c, v.v…<\/p>\n

M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng r\u1eafn, l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng kh\u00ed. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 b\u1ee5i, kh\u00ed dung, h\u01a1i kh\u00f3i… C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng, sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sinh h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i n\u1ea5m m\u1ed1c, vi khu\u1ea9n, virus, k\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh song c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 trung gian truy\u1ec1n b\u1ec7nh, c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sinh h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf -x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng x\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi trong kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m t\u00ednh l\u00ean s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y sinh nhi\u1ec1u nguy c\u01a1 m\u1edbi qua thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c stress trong sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u1ed5n trong khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Chi\u1ebfn tranh, m\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi, b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb -x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, sinh h\u1ecdc, l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

KH\u00c1I NI\u1ec6M V\u1ec0 QU\u1ea2N L\u00dd M\u00d4I TR\u01af\u1edcNG<\/strong><\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf m\u1ee9c \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m trong c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p, kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh hay m\u1ea1n t\u00ednh l\u00ean s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb. Trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nguy c\u01a1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ean s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 kh\u0103ng kh\u00edt v\u1edbi nhau. \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb  con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng, l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c hay \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m trong \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i, r\u00e1c th\u1ea3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3i b\u1ee5i c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nhi\u1ec1u khi ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh song song. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, mu\u1ed1n ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e0o s\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea3i ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 x\u00ed m\u1ea5t v\u1ec7 sinh. Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m s\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean b\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ed1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng sinh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c nguy c\u01a1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. Trong sinh ho\u1ea1t, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u01b0: qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i r\u1eafn, ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 kh\u00f3i b\u1ee5i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t sinh, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu gom x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u1ec7 sinh nh\u1eb1m kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e1t sinh \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, l\u00e0m lo\u00e3ng, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed5 sung c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.  C\u1ea3 trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm c\u00e1c t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f2n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u1ebfu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ean s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb  l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m theo d\u00f5i, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5m nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, d\u00e2n c\u01b0, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, kh\u00ed x\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng x\u0103ng pha ch\u00ec l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb tr\u1ebb em. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nguy c\u01a1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p: c\u1ea5m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng x\u0103ng pha ch\u00ec, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u1ee9c \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ch\u00ec trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, kh\u00e1m s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5m nhi\u1ec5m ch\u00ec qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u1edf tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb s\u1edbm.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7<\/strong><\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p mang t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh. Do ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khai th\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n c\u01b0, t\u1eebng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1eebng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ean li\u00ean quan (stakeholders) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang g\u00ec ng\u00e0nh y t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u1edf t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 21 v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i Rio de Janeiro th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1992. M\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ngay c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p s\u1ebd thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt; c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch song ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u00ec hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

\u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, Lu\u1eadt B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1993. D\u01b0\u1edbi lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eb1m h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadt. D\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh quy \u0111\u1ecbnh chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a lu\u1eadt v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng t\u01b0 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i ban h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng t\u01b0 li\u00ean b\u1ed9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c tham gia.<\/p>\n

Trong t\u1eebng b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb. T\u1ea1i t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u1ee7y ban nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh, th\u00e0nh c\u0169ng ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 quan \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

Qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thanh tra ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh y t\u1ebf trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, t\u1eeb trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u1edf c\u1ea5p trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u1edf c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 S\u1edf T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u1edf c\u1ea5p huy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 Ph\u00f2ng T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 (\u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng. \u1edf tuy\u1ebfn trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 B\u1ed9 Y t\u1ebf (C\u1ee5c Y t\u1ebf d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng, C\u1ee5c V\u1ec7 sinh an to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m), \u1edf tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 S\u1edf y t\u1ebf (Trung t\u00e2m Y t\u1ebf d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng t\u1ec9nh), c\u1ea5p huy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 (Trung t\u00e2m Y t\u1ebf d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng huy\u1ec7n\/\u0110\u1ed9i Y t\u1ebf d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng) v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 c\u00f3 Tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf x\u00e3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan tham gia qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn song h\u00e0nh hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a hai b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng tham gia qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o \u1edf tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. Ng\u00e0nh y t\u1ebf ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh trong gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0nh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u1edf t\u1ea7m v\u0129 m\u00f4 h\u01a1n nh\u01b0: \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, tham gia ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t c\u00e1c quy ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v.v… C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf ngo\u00e0i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ed9, ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trung t\u00e2m y t\u1ebf lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ee5, vi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c ng\u00e0nh y t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o 10 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf y t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tham m\u01b0u v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nguy c\u01a1 t\u1eeb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u00f4ng tin cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

N\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh do ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c nguy c\u01a1 t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb. \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo d\u00f5i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nguy c\u01a1 do c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t d\u1ecbch t\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ra c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf -x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 v\u1ec7 sinh ph\u00f2ng d\u1ecbch cho c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n

Cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: tri\u1ec3n khai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u00eam ch\u1ee7ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n (c\u00f9ng B\u1ed9 N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n) v.v…<\/p>\n

S\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tham gia c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c trong vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y ra.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan h\u1eefu quan \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac cho ph\u00e9p, c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u1ec7 sinh, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00e1p quy trong b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (EIA) v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c  gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng, c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh theo d\u00f5i t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3  h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb  m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba.<\/p>\n

NH\u1eeeNG HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG QU\u1ea2N L\u00dd S\u1ee8C KHO\u1eba M\u00d4I TR\u01af\u1edcNG<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng?<\/p>\n

M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ho\u1eb7c nguy c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ra sao?<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o (hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3) \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba nguy c\u01a1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb? C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3 thi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n  m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng?<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n g\u00ec, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh n\u00e0o gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ho\u00e1, h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng?<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p quy ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u1ec7 sinh ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c nguy c\u01a1 t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng? \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh?<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0o, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng? \u0110\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 7 nh\u00f3m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf y t\u1ebf d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/p>\n

\u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i sinh, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng ozon, \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00ed x\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u00edt ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 thu\u1ef7 tri\u1ec1u v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f3ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t…<\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ea1i ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i sinh ho\u1ea1t, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m vi sinh v\u1eadt, k\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng, ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v.v… Ngay trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf m\u1ed7i v\u00f9ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan t\u00e2m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u0111ang v\u00e0 s\u1ebd g\u00e2y h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00ean s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ra sao, c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf g\u00ec trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, theo d\u00f5i, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v.v… D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ai?<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. Song, kh\u00f4ng \u00edt tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c suy lu\u1eadn l\u00f4-gic.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5: khi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 h\u1ed1 x\u00ed h\u1ee3p v\u1ec7 sinh c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p, nguy c\u01a1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m vi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ru\u1ed9t trong \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t cao. \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 v\u1ec7 sinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc sinh ho\u1ea1t (coliform, BOD5<\/sub>, NH3<\/sub>…) song c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ru\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c virus v\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh ti\u00eau ch\u1ea3y \u1edf tr\u1ebb em l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt lab\u00f4 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00ec v\u1eady ph\u1ea3i “m\u01b0\u1ee3n” c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u song \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang, tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p “ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea” (inventory) c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t khi thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt theo d\u00f5i – gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00ed SO2<\/sub>, SO3<\/sub> trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng do kh\u00f3i x\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng than \u0111\u00e1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng SO2<\/sub>, SO3<\/sub> trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb theo d\u00f5i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng (monitoring). Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tr\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng SO2<\/sub>, SO3<\/sub> th\u1ea3i v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng (hay 1 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam, 1 n\u0103m…) qua s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng than \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng (trong than c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, khi \u0111\u1ed1t s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh SO2<\/sub>, SO3<\/sub>… ).<\/p>\n

Khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp do \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, xem b\u1ea3ng 10.1 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m SO2<\/sub> \u1edf hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n

\"\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n: <\/em>https:\/\/healthvietnam.vn\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

KH\u00c1I NI\u1ec6M V\u00c0 \u0110\u1ecaNH NGH\u0128A V\u1ec0 M\u00d4I TR\u01af\u1edcNG V\u00c0 S\u1ee8C KHO\u1eba M\u00d4I TR\u01af\u1edcNG. Theo Lu\u1eadt B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7t Nam (1993), m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cM\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, bao quanh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"limit_modified_date":"","last_modified_date":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-71","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tin-nong"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cdcangiang.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cdcangiang.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cdcangiang.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cdcangiang.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cdcangiang.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=71"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/cdcangiang.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":504,"href":"https:\/\/cdcangiang.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71\/revisions\/504"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cdcangiang.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=71"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cdcangiang.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=71"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cdcangiang.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=71"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}